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Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition)

How to cite sources according to MLA

No Author

If no author or creator is provided, begin the citation with the title/name of the item you are citing instead.

 Note: The author/creator element doesn't necessarily need to be an individual person's name. It may be an organization or corporation (i.e., a YouTube channel name, the Mayo Clinic, etc.).

When to use "Anonymous"

If an item is signed as being created by Anonymous, list "Anonymous" where you'd normally put the author's name.

Alphabetizing the Works Cited Page

When putting Works Cited entries in alphabetical order, ignore any initial articles such as "The," "A," or "An." For example, the title The Best of Canada would be alphabetized as if it started with the word Best instead of the word The.

If the title begins with a number, alphabetize it as if the number was spelled out. For example, the title 5 Ways to Succeed in Business would be alphabetized under F as if it had started with the word Five.


No Date

If no date is provided, skip that element.

For MLA 9th edition, it is recommended that you add the Accessed Date at the end of the citation. The Accessed Date is given by putting the word "Accessed" followed by the Day Month (shortened) Year the work was accessed/viewed. For example, Accessed 20 Aug 2016.


No Page Numbers

If no page number(s) is provided, skip that element.

Page numbers may not be provided for some items, such as online materials. If this is the case, omit page numbers from the citation.

For eBooks, use stable identifiers such as page number, chapter, or section. Do not use location-specific identifiers.


No Database Name

If you cannot determine the database's name where you access the source, list the database provider instead.

When searching among multiple databases simultaneously, make sure to click through to read the full article. When looking at the full article, it will usually state the database name at the top of the screen.

If it is ambiguous or says something like "searching 3 databases," and you can't tell which singular database it is contained in, list the name of the database provider (e.g. ProQuest, EBSCO, etc.) as the database instead.

 Note: Most research databases provide citations, appearing as a "Cite" or "Citation" button.

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